Tilo Hartmann
Tilo Hartmann is a communication researcher who co-authored two experiments on how viewers experience parasocial interaction: a 2011 paper in the Journal of Communication that introduced the Experience of Parasocial Interaction Scale, and a 2016 paper in Human Communication Research that compared it with an older measure.
Who they are
Hartmann is first author of the 2011 paper, written with Claudia Goldhoorn, and second author of the 2016 paper, written with Jesse Dibble and a colleague. This page rests on those two papers. His wider career, affiliations and other publications have not been checked against a source here, and no claim is made about them.
Key papers
Key ideas
The 2011 experiment
The experiment varied whether a television performer addressed viewers bodily, verbally, both or neither. Viewers reported a more intense parasocial experience when the address was both bodily and verbal. Attractiveness ratings and the viewer's ability to take another person's perspective were also associated with a more intense experience, and a stronger experience was linked to greater commitment to social norms and more enjoyment of the viewing situation.
The 2016 clarification
The 2016 paper argues that parasocial interaction and parasocial relationship are blurred in definition and measurement. It treats the first as a within-viewing experience of mutual awareness and found the newer scale better suited to capturing it than the older PSI-Scale.
Sources
- Hartmann, T., & Goldhoorn, C. (2011). 'Horton and Wohl revisited: Exploring viewers' experience of parasocial interaction.' Journal of Communication, 61(6), 1104-1121. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01595.x
- Dibble, J. L., Hartmann, T., & Rosaen, S. F. (2016). 'Parasocial interaction and parasocial relationship: Conceptual clarification and a critical assessment of measures.' Human Communication Research, 42(1), 21-44. doi:10.1111/hcre.12063